Social Science Glossary

Social Science

This glossary is created for my Social Science program in the Justice, Culture and Society field. It contains all the important concepts in my program. These term makes it easier for me to understand better my program and the meaning of it.

accountability

noun

The fact or condition of being accountable; responsibility.

Example: Shevardnadze's speeches as Foreign Minister (until his unexpected resignation in December 1990) showed a similar concern for openness, consultation and democratic ACCOUNTABILITY.

en: responsabilité

bias

noun

Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

Example: Perhaps in the light of the somewhat narrow academic BIAS outlined by this cream of police studentship, it is just as well the college was not allocated the task of collating and circulating research to chief officers!

en: biais

citizenship

noun

The position or status of being a citizen of a particular country, state, or commonwealth.

Example: Contributors also agree on another point: that public expenditure and public services based on principles of universalism and CITIZENSHIP for all are central to any real programme.

en: citoyenneté

constitution

noun

A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.

Example: The 1922 CONSTITUTION approved by Britain was considered a model of libertarian democracy.

en: constitution

crime

noun

An action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.

Example: This thinking is the mental pulse which registers the single prenatal life of his CRIME and his punishment.

en: crime

culture

noun

The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.

Example: In particular, they believed that a top-down business model of leadership coupled with a weak academic CULTURE to be the most significant threats to academic freedom.

en: culture

democracy

noun

A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

Example: Campaign for a modern and fair DEMOCRACY.

en: démocratie

discrimination

noun

The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.

Example: But oppression, not DISCRIMINATION, is the primary concept for naming groups-related injustice. So affirmative action policies need not be seen as an exception to the principle of non-DISCRIMINATION.

en: discrimination

equality

noun

The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.

Example: It is true that the constitution was explicit in recognizing important personal rights in Article 40: EQUALITY before the law, the non - recognition of nobility privileges, defence of person and property, liberty, no detention without trial, freedom of speech and assembly.

en: égalité

governments

noun

The governing body of a nation, state, or community.

Example: Indeed, States and GOVERNMENTS realize that the returns should be taken more seriously in publicly supported infrasture projects.

en: gouvernement

human rights

noun

A right that is believed to belong justifiably to every person.

Example: A few students were arrested and there was little chance of their being treated with the "HUMAN RIGHTS" demanded during the December demonstrations.

en: droit humain

inequality

noun

Difference in size, degree, circumstances, etc.; lack of equality.

Example: Inequality of conversational opportunity has been uncovered in a number of areas.

en: inégalité

justice

noun

A judge or magistrate, in particular a judge of the Supreme Court of a country or state.

Example: The Quakers anticipated results from the claim that abolition was required by "JUSTICE and humanity, but is also consistent with sound policy".

en: justice

justice system

noun

A justice system is the network of agencies, institutions, and legal personnel—primarily police, courts, and corrections—responsible for enforcing laws, resolving disputes, and upholding the rule of law.

Example: Perhaps not surprisingly, no criminal JUSTICE SYSTEM was able to take on such gross violations of widely - held sentiments of retributive justice.

en: système judiciaire

law

noun

The system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties.

Example: The first of these incidents occurred with the attempt to introduce a LAW on adoption.

en: loi

power

noun

The ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a faculty or quality.

Example: Jones, Gallois, Callan, and Barker (1994, 1995) examine accommodation not in opposition to POWER but as a differently-derived variety of POWER, more closely resembling Fairclough's covert POWER.

en: pouvoir

punishment

noun

The infliction or imposition of a restriction, financial penalty, form of suffering, or other undesired consequence for an offense.

Example: Punishment examples include adding something unpleasant (positive punishment) like scolding, extra chores, detention, or fines, or removing something desirable (negative punishment) like taking away screen time, grounding, or losing privileges, all designed to decrease unwanted behavior in children, students, or adults, ranging from verbal reprimands to imprisonment in legal contexts, though many focus on teaching/rehabilitation now.

en: punition

social norm

noun

The informal, unwritten rules, beliefs, and shared expectations that guide appropriate behavior within a specific group or society.

Example: In order to understand the force of this SOCIAL NORM, it is necessary to look beyond social presentation.

en: norme sociale

socialization

noun

The activity of mixing socially with others.

Example: SOCIALIZATION within the family is manifested in subtle cues of things said and things not said, of facial expressions and gestures which arise in the course of day - to - day living within the same dwelling.

en: socialisation

society

noun

The aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.

Example: This study of eighteen adults of African-American and Jewish-American heritage explores how biracial subjects of two minority parents negotiates mixed race heritage and identity in a SOCIETY that maintains a hostile attitude toward interracial unions.

en: société

This glossary was made with the Virtual Writing Tutor glossary maker and grammar checker.